tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1114176512339317572024-03-18T20:10:42.150-07:00LaGuardia and Wagner ArchivesLa Guardia and Wagner Archiveshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05876584136345833841noreply@blogger.comBlogger86125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-111417651233931757.post-56046547281634367272016-04-15T13:06:00.000-07:002016-05-23T08:52:10.099-07:00Steinway Hall: A Place for the Piano in Music, Craft, Commerce and Technology<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">"</span>There’s a separate world inside 109 West 57<sup>th</sup>
Street, and it has nothing and everything to do with the world outside. Everything because it’s a house of music, and
music connects to all people…and all things….
And <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">n</span>othing, because – well, because it’s a world of pianos. The name of
the place is Steinway Hall.<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">"</span><span style="font-size: x-small;"> – Kyle Kevorkian, “The House of Steinway,” 1992</span></span></span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgp_T1Elp1mE_Ho-93pgMne7O0Gm-P4bEtWqxP5jn8LQQhP3a009J0v6r0zSFetyidgfjgJ0kO6Ql3V1_qks78Ov6Om-JJdkKZqr8VX89qI4CTooq_cY5DhZxj9dRgQzibkACrD9TOG-Tc/s1600/Steinway+Hall_04+001+01.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgp_T1Elp1mE_Ho-93pgMne7O0Gm-P4bEtWqxP5jn8LQQhP3a009J0v6r0zSFetyidgfjgJ0kO6Ql3V1_qks78Ov6Om-JJdkKZqr8VX89qI4CTooq_cY5DhZxj9dRgQzibkACrD9TOG-Tc/s200/Steinway+Hall_04+001+01.jpg" width="129" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Steinway Hall, W 57th St., c.1925</span></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Earlier this week, Steinway <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">& </span>Sons opened a <a href="http://www.steinwayhall.com/about-steinway-hall">new Steinway Hall</a>, the third in the history of the city. But what is Steinway Hall? Is it a concert venue? A piano showroom? An intimate home for artists and music lovers? The corporate presence of Steinway and Sons
in the cultural heart of America?</span></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkFPIk9n4qZmnynySo8D3rXfX5tEvHzLye9HputqqkV4GW10Gj1ve1Nqmq5Mo1ah_lYIWkD27SJXxLMMPPLfIegpjGdjw-m7B7hgAh8mp611RdbJptaUXyYGn6128HFBs1Y969DqXnZK8/s1600/steinway+hall+14th+st+drawing.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="166" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkFPIk9n4qZmnynySo8D3rXfX5tEvHzLye9HputqqkV4GW10Gj1ve1Nqmq5Mo1ah_lYIWkD27SJXxLMMPPLfIegpjGdjw-m7B7hgAh8mp611RdbJptaUXyYGn6128HFBs1Y969DqXnZK8/s200/steinway+hall+14th+st+drawing.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Steinway Hall, E.14th St., 1860s</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Since 1866 when the first Steinway Hall opened on East 14<sup>th</sup>
Street, Steinway Hall has stood uniquely as a nexus of music, craftsmanship,
commerce, technology and the cultural life of New York City.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">When William Steinway agreed to let the Women’s Suffrage
Association use Steinway Hall in 1871 (the subject of <a href="http://laguardiawagnerarchives.blogspot.com/2016/03/womens-history-month-steinway-hall-and.html">last month’s Blog post</a> for
Women’s History Month), he not only rented his hall (the second largest in the
city) for a major civic meeting, he also knew it was an opportunity to
advertise pianos.</span></span></div>
<a name='more'></a><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Every delegate at the
meeting had to walk through Steinway <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">& </span>Sons’ main showroom, past rows of
beautifully crafted pianos, to reach the concert hall where the meeting was
being held. With Steinway Hall’s full
calendar of musical and civic events, thousands of New Yorkers walked past
those pianos. Many fantasized about
taking one home. Some would return to
Steinway Hall to buy. Even after
Steinway replaced the big concert hall with smaller recital halls focused on
piano music (first at East 14<sup>th</sup> Street, then at 57<sup>th</sup>
Street, and now on Sixth Avenue), the audience has always walked through the
sales floor on their way to hear the music – a subtle and brilliant linkage of
piano craft, piano commerce, and musical heaven.</span></span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhesZXkwfvDE64Tn15eNMoy96d3rc5TOtThnRxb3pX3jRRhg5YbMIHAg3FncVBBxThOxsrI1jvRyFZ2RFVQbstEew6WuHaqHHBFgQXlYYK68PdVxDmARVMZAdlrD3EFhHOYs7kLOIgqClM/s1600/steinway+hall+14st+music+by+telephone+from+philadelphia+to+steinway+hall.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="116" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhesZXkwfvDE64Tn15eNMoy96d3rc5TOtThnRxb3pX3jRRhg5YbMIHAg3FncVBBxThOxsrI1jvRyFZ2RFVQbstEew6WuHaqHHBFgQXlYYK68PdVxDmARVMZAdlrD3EFhHOYs7kLOIgqClM/s200/steinway+hall+14st+music+by+telephone+from+philadelphia+to+steinway+hall.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">1877 Steinway Hall Concert via telephone from Philadelphia</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Events at Steinway Hall also bridged the worlds of music and
technology, again with the piano at the center.
On April 2, 1877, New Yorkers took their seats at Steinway Hall on East
14<sup>th</sup> Street to listen to pianist Frederick Boscovitz. But Boscovitz was sitting on a piano bench in
Philadelphia. The New Yorkers were
hearing his music via an experimental device called the telephone. (Nevertheless, as you can see, an actual Steinway piano stood
at the center of the stage). One
hundred years later, the audience at Steinway Hall on West 57<sup>th</sup>
Street listened to Max Levinson play an actual Steinway piano onstage. <a href="https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B4cv5whvZLUhNEtLY2EyUUxnUWc" rel="nofollow">The performance</a> was cybercast on “The Piano,”
an early website devoted to classical music. Continuing this historical tradition linking music and
technology, the new Steinway Hall on Sixth Avenue is designed with a custom-made
Steinway Lyngdorf sound system capable of state-of-the-art live streaming.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Through a century and a half, and three locations, Steinway
Hall has bridged a separate and special world of pianos with the larger outside
world of commerce and cultural life.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">For more on the history of Steinway Hall, here are excerpts
about the <a href="https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B4cv5whvZLUhejZRZllmRTltZGM" rel="nofollow">East 14<sup>th</sup> Street</a> and <a href="https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B4cv5whvZLUhd284LUJDRE5VWlk" rel="nofollow">West 57<sup>th</sup> Street</a> halls from <i>Steinway <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">& </span>Sons</i> (Yale
University Press, 1995), by Dr. Richard K. Lieberman, the Director of the LaGuardia and Wagner Archives.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">The LaGuardia and Wagner Archives is the repository of the
Steinway Collection. You can explore our
collection <a href="http://www.laguardiawagnerarchive.lagcc.cuny.edu/COLLECTIONS.aspx?ViwType=1&ColID=4">here</a>. We posted a few
selected images from the collection on Facebook earlier in the week. You can view them <a href="https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.10156723662160548.1073741835.322365760547&type=1&l=52848c7db5">here</a>.</span></span></div>
La Guardia and Wagner Archiveshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05876584136345833841noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-111417651233931757.post-26462290379096425442016-03-09T09:35:00.000-08:002016-03-24T06:26:57.571-07:00Women’s History Month: Steinway Hall and the Women’s Rights Movement<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">"There is no escaping the fact that the principle by which the
male citizens of these United States assume to rule the female citizens is not
that of self-government, but that of despotism; and so the fact is that poets
have sung songs of freedom, and anthems of liberty have resounded for an empty
shadow."<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Victoria Woodhull <a href="http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/nawbib:@field%28NUMBER+@band%28rbnawsa+n8216%29%29" target="_blank">spoke these words</a> on November 20, 1871 at the
original Steinway Hall on 14th Street in Manhattan. The following year, again at Steinway Hall,
Woodhull broke from the Woman Suffrage Association to advance a more radical
women’s rights agenda. The delegates
from the convention who followed Woodhull from Steinway Hall to Apollo Hall the
next day nominated her as the first woman candidate for President of the United
States – in 1872!<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYDPJyD7sgdVWf5F3T_laNvz5s8OUHoCBXinHDdABolWz30hOY-0TgbG-Vum_k-Q6_Z-iT5vEfxKh8cwzhXJpuyTfGk8kPkeHJliwz4Ei2qKKlM6Jni56KDCB4K8YuG3t0MteO7LpTH_0/s1600/woodhull+at+meeting.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="242" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYDPJyD7sgdVWf5F3T_laNvz5s8OUHoCBXinHDdABolWz30hOY-0TgbG-Vum_k-Q6_Z-iT5vEfxKh8cwzhXJpuyTfGk8kPkeHJliwz4Ei2qKKlM6Jni56KDCB4K8YuG3t0MteO7LpTH_0/s320/woodhull+at+meeting.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Victoria Woodhull at Apollo Hall, 1872<br />Source: M.F. Darwin, One Moral Standard for All, New York: Caulon Press<br />Courtesy University of Michigan/Hathitrust</span></td></tr>
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<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">We hold in our Steinway Collection <a href="https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B4cv5whvZLUhYUJQMlA2WEZPc0U" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">the letter that made the 1872 convention of the Woman Suffrage Association possible</a>. Women were, apparently, not to be trusted with
business matters in the 19th century. It
was a legal issue – women, particularly married women, could not sign
contracts. So it took a man to secure
rental of Steinway Hall for the convention.
On February 6, 1872, Reverend Henry Ward Beecher, one of the most famous
and powerful men in America, wrote a letter to William Steinway, president of
the Steinway and Sons piano company, which owned the hall in Manhattan that
bore the family name. Beecher promised
to pay for the rental of the hall for the women, “should the Association fail
to meet the expenses.” Beecher was
motivated by his sister Isabella Hooker, a supporter of Woodhull and active in
the Woman Suffrage Association. If you
can’t read Rev. Beecher’s handwriting, we've transcribed it for you <a href="https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B4cv5whvZLUhRUVmV1k1M2xNUW8" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">here</a>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Steinway Hall remained an important venue for the women’s rights
movement through the late 19th and early 20th century.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">As the repository of the <a href="http://www.laguardiawagnerarchive.lagcc.cuny.edu/COLLECTIONS.aspx?ViwType=1&ColID=4" target="_blank">Steinway Collection</a>, we invite you to explore
the papers, pictures and other materials of the Steinway family and their
Steinway & Sons piano company.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">To help you, we have prepared some wonderful webpages on <a href="http://www.laguardiawagnerarchive.lagcc.cuny.edu/RESEARCH_TOPICS.aspx?TopicType=2&TopicID=0" target="_blank">The Women of Steinway and Sons</a>, which offer a unique look into both <a href="http://www.laguardiawagnerarchive.lagcc.cuny.edu/RESEARCH_TOPICS.aspx?TopicType=2&TopicID=2&GalID=6" target="_blank">women’s labor and craftsmanship at the Steinway factory</a>, and the place of <a href="http://www.laguardiawagnerarchive.lagcc.cuny.edu/RESEARCH_TOPICS.aspx?TopicType=2&TopicID=3" target="_blank">Steinway family women</a>
in the company’s business.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">For more on the National Woman Suffrage Association, try <a href="http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/naw/nawshome.html" target="_blank">here</a>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">For more on Victoria Woodhull, try <a href="http://blog.mcny.org/2014/09/02/victoria-and-tennessee-claflin-the-sisters-tale-continues/" target="_blank">here</a> and <a href="http://ocp.hul.harvard.edu/ww/woodhull.html" target="_blank">here</a>.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
La Guardia and Wagner Archiveshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05876584136345833841noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-111417651233931757.post-73072808447300199042016-02-17T13:32:00.000-08:002016-03-22T07:36:51.918-07:00Black History Month: The Story of John Louis Wilson, Jr. and the Harlem River Houses<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmGNy1zAJC5KevZy27v_nD9atAu2sElvOant-PVn0wzLD9gjqZuLUJh-KjX58xdJj2n6yEUrXtgBIUY8vtamzfvqUR5vgns7gC-0jFgZhg63yrnVybFTTgNCmr1_wzc9Dg_MdnfXaXuVQ/s1600/wilson+at+anniversary.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmGNy1zAJC5KevZy27v_nD9atAu2sElvOant-PVn0wzLD9gjqZuLUJh-KjX58xdJj2n6yEUrXtgBIUY8vtamzfvqUR5vgns7gC-0jFgZhg63yrnVybFTTgNCmr1_wzc9Dg_MdnfXaXuVQ/s1600/wilson+at+anniversary.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">Architect John L. Wilson, Jr. with Borough President </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">David Dinkins, Chicago Mayor Harold Washington,</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;"> and others at the 50th Anniversary of the Harlem River Houses</span><br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;">©New York City Housing Authority</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">"At the request of the Federal Government we are putting a
negro architect on the Harlem-Macombs Place Project. His name [is] John Louis
Wilson.” Even setting aside the now
offensive reference to an African American, this quote from a 1935 letter by Langdon
Post (then head of the New York City Housing Authority) and the story behind it
is shocking. Or maybe it just should be.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The team initially selected to design project now known as
the Harlem River Houses, did not include any African Americans, even though it
was the first and premier public housing in Harlem, the heart of black culture
in America. The Harlem River Houses was
intended to be a high profile and symbolic project: a statement of commitment
to the black community in a time of segregated housing. Even today, it is considered among the best
designed housing ever built by government.</span></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgH8T_EPGncnAWw-THCg8YlJgMpC7jmanuu8jPW0ZY5ndYRN_jPBDbhlAgXPu8CJvDXClC2i2zKN2uRpI5iBdSF1qQ-rk222RpBMo96EoOzPHYP2ue2EgA35x_oV9eQyBxWndWpPse-9gc/s1600/hrh+rendering.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgH8T_EPGncnAWw-THCg8YlJgMpC7jmanuu8jPW0ZY5ndYRN_jPBDbhlAgXPu8CJvDXClC2i2zKN2uRpI5iBdSF1qQ-rk222RpBMo96EoOzPHYP2ue2EgA35x_oV9eQyBxWndWpPse-9gc/s1600/hrh+rendering.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">Architects Rendering of Harlem River Houses</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">©New York City Housing Authority</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">It took federal intervention for Wilson to be added to the
team. Some of the white architects, while
denying personal racism, complained that Wilson’s appointment set a bad
precedent because he had not participated in the initial qualifying
competition. And they decided that
Wilson’s share of the profits would be 1/3 less than their own, justifying this
with an unlikely estimate of the work remaining on the project as of Wilson’s
appointment. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The Housing Authority identified only two qualified
black architects to fill the post. John
Louis Wilson, Jr. was unquestionably qualified.
He was the first black graduate of Columbia University’s prestigious
School of Architecture, graduating in 1928 and fully licensed by 1930. The other candidate was already working on
another federal project, perhaps because it was so hard for black professionals
to find work in the private sector. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">We have collected a great many resources for you to explore
the history of John Louis Wilson, Jr. and the Harlem River Houses.</span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></div>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.laguardiawagnerarchive.lagcc.cuny.edu/RESEARCH_TOPICS.aspx?TopicType=1&TopicID=0" target="_blank">Here </a>is the in depth story of Mr. Wilson and the Harlem
River Houses,
including <a href="http://www.laguardiawagnerarchive.lagcc.cuny.edu/RESEARCH_TOPICS.aspx?TopicType=1&TopicID=2&GalID=1" target="_blank">photos</a>,
<a href="http://www.laguardiawagnerarchive.lagcc.cuny.edu/RESEARCH_TOPICS.aspx?TopicType=1&TopicID=3&GalID=2" target="_blank">documents </a>and <a href="http://www.laguardiawagnerarchive.lagcc.cuny.edu/RESEARCH_TOPICS.aspx?TopicType=1&TopicID=4&GalID=3" target="_blank">news clippings</a>.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B4cv5whvZLUhdzhJckhrSVVsZEU" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Here</a> is the 1935 letter
confirming Wilson’s appointment to the Harlem River Houses project, along with
the responses by the original architects team.
We are proud to be the official repository of the New York City Housing
Authority, from which these letters are selected. The collection can be further explored <a href="http://www.laguardiawagnerarchive.lagcc.cuny.edu/COLLECTIONS.aspx?ViwType=1&ColID=2" target="_blank">here</a>.</span></span> <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Although not available online, we also have in our <a href="http://www.laguardiawagnerarchive.lagcc.cuny.edu/COLLECTIONS.aspx?ViwType=1&ColID=1" target="_blank">LaGuardia Collection</a>
an oral history interview with John L. Wilson himself, conducted by Professor
Richard K. Lieberman (Director of the LaGuardia and Wagner Archives), and
recorded during a class at LaGuardia Community College.</span></span></li>
</ul>
La Guardia and Wagner Archiveshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05876584136345833841noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-111417651233931757.post-59839650324162993742015-12-30T10:50:00.001-08:002015-12-30T11:23:01.140-08:00Letters to Mayor Lindsay: Children Respond to the 1966 New York City Transit Strike<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Children from all over New York City, and around the country
wrote to Mayor Lindsay during his first year in office. The new mayor was, after all, a highly
visible man, a strikingly tall and energetic figure. Many simply asked for a picture or
autograph. But more than any other
subject, children wrote to the mayor about the 12 day transit strike, the worst
in the city’s history. Many witnessed it
in their daily lives. Others saw it on
television. Some talked about it in
classrooms as far away as Massachusetts.
<a href="http://www.laguardiawagnerarchive.lagcc.cuny.edu/FILES_DOC/LINDSAY_FILES/HIGHLIGHTS/Transit_Strike_Letters_Children.PDF" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Here is a selection of their letters</a>.</span></span><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Excerpt of Child's Letter to Mayor Lindsay - Courtesy NYC Municipal Archives</span></span></span></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">On January 1, 1966, as John V. Lindsay took the oath of
office as New York City’s 103<sup>rd</sup> mayor, transit workers all over the
city, led by Mike Quill, walked off the job.
<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WJxuzH4OTy0&list=PL4A8313LQdwjTzByNzS79Zcwiik1D-rhf" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Our video about the 1966 transit strike</a> uses
contemporary newsreel footage to explore the strike through the experience of
adults: the mayor and commuters walking to work; long lines; and crowded
highways. Children’s letters to the
mayor offer a different perspective.</span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"></span></span><br />
<a name='more'></a><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Children told Lindsay how the strike disrupted their
lives. “I could not go to school today,”
wrote Rhonda Greenstein from the Bronx (age 11). So she spent the day taking a survey of
neighborhood sentiment about the strike:
“1. Terrible; 2. Miserable; 3. Crazy; 4. It Stinks…” Kathleen Susan Grass (age 7) from Flushing
complained “…most of the children cannot go to religious instruction.” “You should see Main Street,” remarked
another child from Flushing. “During the
transit strike,” complained David Philips from Long Island, “my father had to
leave for work much earlier than usual.” He was anxious to know “what
precautions you have taken in case of another transit strike” in the future.</span></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrHjQpimQoatNRyZwzkd_fsqjwUFRVz97BModUnOd6TciscyxVdN_RS_ksHq3xJV2lHTwGgQSpFhyphenhyphenV6M_S7n757vyC-EGHdz8sl1eBtDYWcZhuBst6zuEHyKIvbySmxubd6CE2SWRb8I4/s1600/Transit_Strike_Letter_Excerpt2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="194" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrHjQpimQoatNRyZwzkd_fsqjwUFRVz97BModUnOd6TciscyxVdN_RS_ksHq3xJV2lHTwGgQSpFhyphenhyphenV6M_S7n757vyC-EGHdz8sl1eBtDYWcZhuBst6zuEHyKIvbySmxubd6CE2SWRb8I4/s320/Transit_Strike_Letter_Excerpt2.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Excerpt of 4th Grade Class News Report - Courtesy NYC Municipal Archives</span></span></span></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Many children connected with Mayor Lindsay on an emotional
level. Matty Podbielski (Grade 7) was “…
very sad that on your first day in office this terrible thing had to happen.” Gwendolyn Perry (age 9) wanted Lindsay to
know “how proud I am of you for the way you stood by the people of New York
[during] the strike.” Even from Connecticut, Maryclaire Plunkett (age 11) was
“worried” and “felt very sorry” for the mayor, “and all New Yorkers.”</span></span></div>
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Most of the children were eager to put the strike in terms
of right and wrong. Nearly all of them
sided with the mayor. “I am with you all
the way,” wrote Podbielski, adding “Mr. Quill harmed many people.” Greenstein’s survey of neighborhood sentiment
concluded, “Everybody…said that you, Mr. Lindsay are a good mayor….Everybody
also said that Mr. Quill is a discrace [sic].”
Diana Garry (5<sup>th</sup> Grade) tried to put herself in the mayor’s
shoes. “I believe you are doing things
the way I would do them if I were you….”</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Perhaps we should remember to
listen to the children and consider their point of view when we approach policy
and politics. Articulating our emotional
responses calmly, thinking about right and wrong, and considering the day-to-day
practical implications of political decisions for the children of our city and
nation might provide some much needed perspective on a whole host of issues.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="line-height: 107%;">The digital editions of
original documents
included here are for research purposes only. </span></span></span>The
original documents are the property of the <a href="http://www.nyc.gov/records" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">New York City Department of Records/Municipal Archives</a>,
31 Chambers Street, New York, NY 10007, and may not be duplicated or
reproduced without their written permission. We hold microfilm copies
of the originals, and
as always, you are welcome to come to our archives and view the
documents
yourself.</span></span></span></span></span> Our user friendly finding aids
and <span style="color: #0070c0;"><a href="http://www.laguardiawagnerarchive.lagcc.cuny.edu/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">computerized indexes</a> </span>facilitate rewarding research. </div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="line-height: 107%;">Researchers wishing to visit the archive in
person, please <span style="color: #0070c0;"><a href="http://www.laguardiawagnerarchive.lagcc.cuny.edu/Contact.aspx" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">contact Douglas Di Carlo</a></span>, our Archivist in advance of your visit. Hours for researchers are generally Monday to
Friday, 9:30 am to 4:30 pm. We are closed most major holidays. We look forward
to your use of our materials. </span></span></span></span></div>
</div>
La Guardia and Wagner Archiveshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05876584136345833841noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-111417651233931757.post-21878081341359613442015-12-10T10:41:00.000-08:002016-03-24T06:24:34.631-07:00The Wrong Bush<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">O</span>ne chilly day in November 2008, former mayor Ed Koch was
opening his mail. Among the letters was
an invitation to a Hanukkah reception at the White House. This was the cover of the card:<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirnwmUgBi6sNupVwm1Y0to-L2rCd-ADA8HCWHMWjzc8A_LHLygGeRCo2QGg-Jwp2gNplXCOcnICBllRdFwLUR5s4eBKBZBX7CV15wArq7df7P7eKR2tU_QCLF2Cz5Ra3NtsdB_cGDVTSI/s1600/bush+hanukah+invite+mistake1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="232" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirnwmUgBi6sNupVwm1Y0to-L2rCd-ADA8HCWHMWjzc8A_LHLygGeRCo2QGg-Jwp2gNplXCOcnICBllRdFwLUR5s4eBKBZBX7CV15wArq7df7P7eKR2tU_QCLF2Cz5Ra3NtsdB_cGDVTSI/s320/bush+hanukah+invite+mistake1.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Courtesy: The White House</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Notice the Christmas tree?
George W. Bush, the President who had started a tradition of separate
Christmas and Hanukkah parties at the White House, had sent a picture of the
wrong bush. </span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">We don’t know whether Koch, perhaps the most prominently
Jewish mayor in American history, was offended.
We do know that a few days later, on November 28, he RSVP’d his regrets
to the Bushes. He would not be
attending. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">A couple of days later he received another card from the
White House:<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizCrKPrti8sPLXVIqUU4zsDsXtujUpak7tD1Bv_mqJTpbvB4qmv0MactoflbIK5Mk60FCKR138qv1pdVBjFGxLqAVnEihVE2BFuG82g-D04WiSPRFkWzpsKWKbGPFiYQjLH5kaoWcsygg/s1600/bush+hanukah+invite+mistake2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="235" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizCrKPrti8sPLXVIqUU4zsDsXtujUpak7tD1Bv_mqJTpbvB4qmv0MactoflbIK5Mk60FCKR138qv1pdVBjFGxLqAVnEihVE2BFuG82g-D04WiSPRFkWzpsKWKbGPFiYQjLH5kaoWcsygg/s320/bush+hanukah+invite+mistake2.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Courtesy: The White House</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">The menorah on the new card wasn’t just a pretty
picture. It was an image of the menorah
given by Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion to President Truman for his early
recognition of the State of Israel in 1948.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Inside was a smaller card that read: </span></span></div>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-ZGDw2sRxNKHH6MFnzmG0RZsnzoxTarltDWIM0jIJxLAMRpFNJOoqGIT8kKQuDxzXkK7uiHg0sFVsvT3lqCgkjBQG4ubSn4VyAuyaF6Qwq7Rgr3S0ha_iHc9O17sTAC2zqrFsY4thYy4/s1600/bush+correction+note.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="207" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-ZGDw2sRxNKHH6MFnzmG0RZsnzoxTarltDWIM0jIJxLAMRpFNJOoqGIT8kKQuDxzXkK7uiHg0sFVsvT3lqCgkjBQG4ubSn4VyAuyaF6Qwq7Rgr3S0ha_iHc9O17sTAC2zqrFsY4thYy4/s320/bush+correction+note.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Courtesy: The White House</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">That was a nice way of putting it.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">By then, the <i>New York
Post</i> had reported: “Let Santa Light the Menorah” and “Merry Hanukkah from
the White House!” CNN posted “First
White House Chrismukkah cards accidentally sent” on their political ticker
blog. And the White House admitted to
reporters that staff had failed to print separate cards for the different
holiday events.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">The Hanukkah Invitation Gaffe of
2008 can go down in history as one of the lesser known bloopers of the Bush
Administration. Ridicule might have been
more aggressive, but holiday invitations are traditionally the domain of the
First Lady. “Mrs. Bush is apologetic,” her
press secretary told reporters. “It is something that just slipped through the
cracks.” We’ve all been there.</span></span></div>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">The cards shown here are from the Edward I. Koch Collection
at the LaGuardia and Wagner Archives.
You can view a further sampling of family holiday cards from our
collection sent by Mayor LaGuardia, Presidents Bush and Obama, and a holiday
photo of the Clintons with Borough President Claire Schulman, among others on
<a href="https://flic.kr/s/aHskmZx8J1" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">our Flickr site</a>. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">You might also enjoy our wonderful video collection, some of
which is available on <a href="https://www.youtube.com/user/lagarchivist" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">our YouTube site</a>. <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"></span>To get a deeper sense of our collections come to <a href="http://www.laguardiawagnerarchive.lagcc.cuny.edu/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">our user-friendly website</a> for finding aids and computerized indexes.<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span>As always, we welcome you to follow us on <a href="https://twitter.com/LaGuardiaWagner" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Twitter </a>and <a href="https://www.facebook.com/LaGuardiaWagnerArchives/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">FaceBook</a>,
and if you like, like us there. </span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">The digital editions of original
documents included here are for research purposes only. You are, of course, welcome to come to our
archives and view the documents yourself.
Researchers wishing to visit the archive in person please <a href="http://www.laguardiawagnerarchive.lagcc.cuny.edu/Contact.aspx" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">contact Douglas Di Carlo</a>, our Archivist in advance of your visit. </span></span><br />
<br /></div>
La Guardia and Wagner Archiveshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05876584136345833841noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-111417651233931757.post-13642771014085753292015-10-20T08:43:00.000-07:002015-11-19T07:21:24.180-08:00Housing for Whom? Stuyvesant Town, Housing Segregation and Housing Shortage in 1943<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifLhA1BE4ebVW8jN4juZFWxHjShlt3Qjqf1SmpFlmO6MlEJg9_95p3QYpCV53u6xXA6l4MQu2WewlinHkslaZJdzLtiPW4ioLv1Hb87mit65qchFOka0cij4ySjLqW8G2azUe7Ptes7YQ/s1600/stuy+town+pic.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifLhA1BE4ebVW8jN4juZFWxHjShlt3Qjqf1SmpFlmO6MlEJg9_95p3QYpCV53u6xXA6l4MQu2WewlinHkslaZJdzLtiPW4ioLv1Hb87mit65qchFOka0cij4ySjLqW8G2azUe7Ptes7YQ/s1600/stuy+town+pic.jpg" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The exclusion of African-Americans from Stuyvesant Town is a
“form of fascism,” insisted Bebe Hyslop in her letter to Mayor La Guardia in
1943. La Guardia supported the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company that year in
its plan to prohibit African-Americans from living in Stuyvesant Town, then
being planned in lower Manhattan. <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B4cv5whvZLUhaENTUFRwQmItQ2c/view?usp=sharing" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">The letters presented here</a>, <span style="color: black;"></span>including Ms. Hyslop’s, are a sampling of some 1000+ letters written, expressing
the outrage felt by New Yorkers of all backgrounds to the mayor’s decision. Anger against the mayor in the city’s African-American
community especially was fueled by a sense of betrayal as many had considered La
Guardia an ally in addressing racial injustices. La Guardia’s choice to support exclusion of
African-Americans from Stuyvesant Town was a contributing factor precipitating
the Harlem Riots a few weeks later.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Together these letters from our collection reveal how large
historical events of the 1940s helped forge a foundation for the battle over housing
segregation and progress of the civil rights movement that followed. They also invite us to think about the
components of our own housing crisis of affordability amidst the greater subtleties
of inclusion and exclusion in today’s housing market.</span></span><br />
<a name='more'></a><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><u><span style="color: #0070c0;"></span></u></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg20s-9OoMDBWcQ458owcCaLZONpMGZqvzHdMTvUXkGnfslG62GTT5RA24UhIr5zPsAg6DYbN9caxYWrxBAY1O89ADlURTCV6b8XuYS0yHLD0uWjVPiXfyE3W4RUBO_oYPVxRYoYlwYa8k/s1600/letter+image1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="81" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg20s-9OoMDBWcQ458owcCaLZONpMGZqvzHdMTvUXkGnfslG62GTT5RA24UhIr5zPsAg6DYbN9caxYWrxBAY1O89ADlURTCV6b8XuYS0yHLD0uWjVPiXfyE3W4RUBO_oYPVxRYoYlwYa8k/s320/letter+image1.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Bebe Hyslop’s letter
connecting the exclusion of African-Americans from Stuyvesant Town and fascism reminds
us that America was deep in World War II by 1943. But more than that, Hyslop casts the racial
ideology of Hitler’s Germany as inherently un-American, antithetical to the
idea of “democracy.” Hyslop’s is just one of many letters reflecting the ideals
of the Double V Campaign, launched by the <i>Pittsburgh
Courier</i> in 1942 insisting that victory over fascism abroad and inequality
at home must be part of the same struggle, a struggle for “Democracy, At Home,
Abroad.” In New York, Adam Clayton
Powell, Jr., the city’s only African-American councilman and pastor of Harlem’s
influential Abyssinian Baptist Church, mobilized the Double V campaign as a pointed
criticism of La Guardia, tying it specifically to the Mayor’s support for a segregated
Stuyvesant Town.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Mrs. Robert Martin Krapp reminded Mayor La Guardia that Black
men “are dying in the defense of you and me and our city.” Military service has long been a powerful
claim on equal citizenship and equal rights.
During the Civil War, Frederick Douglass had written, "Once let the
black man get upon his person the brass letter, U.S., let him get an eagle on
his button, and a musket on his shoulder and bullets in his pocket, there is no
power on earth that can deny that he has earned the right to citizenship." The Double V Campaign reflected the
frustration and optimism that the service and heroism of African Americans in
World War II might deliver that promise of equal citizenship born of the Civil
War, but never delivered. </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Miss Balson’s letter urges the Mayor to “set an example in
the defeat of Jim Crowism.” The Great
Migration of African Americans to northern cities began with the rise of Jim
Crow, as Southern municipalities and states began implementing the system of
legally enforced racial segregation in the 1890s, matched with a frightening
rise in lynchings. The Great Migration
accelerated in waves during World War I and World War II as African Americans
sought new opportunities for independence and equality in the burgeoning
industrial economy of the urban north.
In 1900, New York had only 60,000 African Americans. By 1950, the community was nearly
750,000. By the 1920s, Harlem was the
heart of black New York. There were,
after all, few other places African Americans could get apartments.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">“Negroes and whites don’t mix,” explained the President of
Metropolitan Life as he defended the policy of excluding African Americans from
Stuyvesant Town in 1943. “If we brought them
into this development, it would be to the detriment of the city, too, because
it would depress all the surrounding property.”
It was an ugly argument honed during the Great Migration as fearful
white residents and real estate interests shoehorned a burgeoning black
population into limited places like Harlem.
Mrs. Morgan’s letter demanding La Guardia vote “No” to Stuyvesant Town
segregation makes a point of reminding the Mayor how crowded Harlem was by the
1940s. </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Stuyvesant Town, these letters reveal, was a missed
opportunity to change the racial basis of housing geography and affordability,
and helps us better understand the Harlem Riots of 1943. Although the Metropolitan Life Company was a
private developer, because of tax breaks and the use of eminent domain the
project came under the new Redevelopment Companies Law of 1942. Thus, for the first time, government might
have a say in housing discrimination by requiring the developer to accept all
kinds of tenants. </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikaPZE3FHuaqr_NGhklbOgY7jh9wIyMHGLrdwSZtV4loFj1n91hEvIiYQ33xV_1PenGIY2-wb3ZY71cS0reeQT_u-Rrr2v1XQOLEtnQ91b06xNadcWxUy9bpekKjDaGTS6tJfCGShfYBw/s1600/telegram.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="179" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikaPZE3FHuaqr_NGhklbOgY7jh9wIyMHGLrdwSZtV4loFj1n91hEvIiYQ33xV_1PenGIY2-wb3ZY71cS0reeQT_u-Rrr2v1XQOLEtnQ91b06xNadcWxUy9bpekKjDaGTS6tJfCGShfYBw/s320/telegram.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">By
1943, however, the city as a whole faced deteriorating housing and a crushing
housing shortage, even if it was perhaps most acute among African
Americans. Years of the Great Depression
followed by the war exacerbated disinvestment in an already less than adequate
housing stock. And La Guardia’s
communique to his City Planning Commissioner in 1943 (among the <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B4cv5whvZLUhaENTUFRwQmItQ2c/view?usp=sharing" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">documents included here</a>) reveals the mayor’s prioritization of the completion of the new Stuyvesant
Town housing units over equal access, suggesting the race question was an issue
for Washington, not New York. </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Housing was a key component of La Guardia’s agenda. But as
the Harlem Riots of 1943 proved, the mayor had failed in the case of Stuyvesant
Town to understand just how fundamental housing was in connecting the
complexities of life and politics in the city.
The day after the riots, the <i>Daily
News</i> singled out La Guardia’s Stuyvesant Town decision as a factor that
had, “helped aggravate the explosive situation in Harlem.” La Guardia learned from the experience, and
signed a local law the following year forbidding tax exemptions for any
publicly-aided housing project practicing segregation, but Stuyvesant Town,
with its city contract already in hand, remained exempt.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
<span style="line-height: 107%;">Today’s Stuyvesant Town deal reminds us of the
importance of affordable housing, and how far we have come from the days of publicly
endorsed segregation. Yet how we use
public policy to shape the kinds of housing we build and its distribution still
matters. Our current mayor has restored
housing to the top of the city’s agenda.
As we face our own, quite different housing crisis of affordability
amidst gentrification and super-luxury skyscrapers, how we think about race,
class, homelessness, mental illness, immigration among other puzzle pieces of
our own time will matter as well. What
will your letter about today’s Stuyvesant Town deal say?</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 107%;">-------------------------------</span></span></span><br />
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
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<![endif]--><span style="line-height: 107%;">The
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included here are for research purposes only. We hold microfilm copies of the originals, and
as always, you are welcome to come to our archives and view the documents
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person, please <span style="color: #0070c0;"><a href="http://www.laguardiawagnerarchive.lagcc.cuny.edu/Contact.aspx" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">contact Douglas Di Carlo</a></span>, our Archivist in advance of your visit. Hours for researchers are generally Monday to
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</xml><![endif]--></span></span></span>La Guardia and Wagner Archiveshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05876584136345833841noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-111417651233931757.post-72276806876531142162015-10-02T12:46:00.000-07:002015-10-20T10:03:57.395-07:00Sputnik and the Role of Science, Math and Technology in American Education<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZaKZQCR8F8mbLk2aACmmSyoJ9rWRnSweHWsooZhAGgIo87ZWJWBVCCCTDNb4vWvXXmxO0HmaS3vIwzAQ4rlMjWptBMlWtKBmJcUs_qIDbKLoG8GSVBLZwdk4zyI0aKn7CO9528bKtJLE/s1600/tech+calendar+image.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZaKZQCR8F8mbLk2aACmmSyoJ9rWRnSweHWsooZhAGgIo87ZWJWBVCCCTDNb4vWvXXmxO0HmaS3vIwzAQ4rlMjWptBMlWtKBmJcUs_qIDbKLoG8GSVBLZwdk4zyI0aKn7CO9528bKtJLE/s1600/tech+calendar+image.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Here's a <a href="http://cuny.edu/site/cc/inventing-the-future.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">link </a>to our work on the history of science, </span><br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;">technology, engineering and math in America</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">On
October 4, 1957 the Soviet Union set a new trajectory for education in
America. Before the launch of Sputnik (the
first satellite ever to achieve Earth orbit), American education had been a
local matter, focused on community and citizenship. A<span style="line-height: 107%;">fter Sputnik, the security
and future of democracy seemed to hinge instead on winning a global battle with
communism for domination of the world. </span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="line-height: 107%;">As Marion B. Folsom, Secretary of HEW
put it in his <b><a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B4cv5whvZLUhMklhSWRiWG5xMnM/view?usp=sharing" target="_blank">speech to the AFL/CIO</a></b>
two months after the Sputnik launch, “Whether we like it or not…[o]ne of the fundamental facts of our times is that America is a leader among the forces of
freedom against the forces of tyranny in a contest which extends </span>around the world. And
education will play a crucial role in determining which system triumphs in the
end.”</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">On this anniversary of the Sputnik launch, let’s take a look
together at three documents from our collection to examine the historical shift
in American education at the Sputnik moment, and perhaps also for how we might
think about science, math and technology in American education today.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><br /></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">(1) A November 11,
1957 <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B4cv5whvZLUhTUpMOWpYcXBYcUE/view?usp=sharing" target="_blank">press statement announcing therelease of “Education in the USSR</a>,”</b> a study completed by the Department of
Health Education and Welfare (HEW) shortly after the Sputnik launch;</span><a href="file:///Users/Admin/Library/Caches/TemporaryItems/msoclip/0/clip_image003.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></a><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">(2) <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B4cv5whvZLUhMklhSWRiWG5xMnM/view?usp=sharing" target="_blank"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">“The Challenge in Education,”</b> </a>a speech by
Marion B. Folsom, Secretary of HEW, to the AFL/CIO on December 5, 1957; and</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">(3) <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B4cv5whvZLUhMEk4c1BtaXZNSzQ/view?usp=sharing" target="_blank">“Education and Industry,”</a></b> a speech to
the Greater Philadelphia Chamber of Commerce by John A. Perkins,
Under-Secretary of HEW on October 10, 1957.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The Department of Health, Education and Welfare (HEW) released
<b><a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B4cv5whvZLUhTUpMOWpYcXBYcUE/view?usp=sharing" target="_blank">“Education in the USSR”</a></b> a month
after the Sputnik launch. They had been
working on it for two years. </span><br />
<a name='more'></a><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The report
told Americans that in the Soviet Republic, “more than half of the
primary-secondary curriculum is made up of courses in the physical and natural
sciences, mathematics through trigonometry, and mechanical drawing.” High school graduates in Russia had taken 5
years of Physics, 4 years of Chemistry, 5 years of Biology, and 10 years of
Math, while less than 1/3 of Americans had taken even one year of
Chemistry. At "Soviet
semi-professional and higher educational institutions,” 70 percent of the
degrees granted were in “scientific and technological fields.” On October 6 that might have been interesting
to a few policy wonks and interest groups.
Sputnik made it palpably frightening to the American public. </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Folsom’s solution sounds familiar even today: “We must teach
more and better science in our schools and colleges.”</span><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqtfcndKEliq0i2GHboEerZ4qg-UesbimHeFWLaF-IAAJ2c7XEoMMYsxAHGLk_56K-PiwYzlCrf_YGtd5YKt_GyRipiiUS84ATIXseFEnRB2JYhRVV0AIIoDMa8sxGSW2nsTdR_x0Ft0w/s1600/bronx+science+image.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqtfcndKEliq0i2GHboEerZ4qg-UesbimHeFWLaF-IAAJ2c7XEoMMYsxAHGLk_56K-PiwYzlCrf_YGtd5YKt_GyRipiiUS84ATIXseFEnRB2JYhRVV0AIIoDMa8sxGSW2nsTdR_x0Ft0w/s1600/bronx+science+image.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small;">Bronx High School of Science moves into </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small;">its new modern facility in 1959</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The fear, and the link between education and global power
rooted in the Sputnik moment remains potent today as well, despite the end of
the Cold War. Ever since Sputnik, America
has worried about the security of its global leadership. The education system,
particularly in science and math, became the focus of national fears of losing
the competition for global dominance. In
the 1950s, Folsom put it this way: “It is clear that the enemies of freedom are
increasingly using education as a means toward their proclaimed goal of world
domination.” Today, in the 21<sup>st</sup>
century, we talk instead about losing economic competitiveness to Asian powers
as the OECD ranks Singapore, Hong Kong, South Korea, Japan and Taiwan as the leaders
in Math and Science education, with the US at 28<sup>th.</sup></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><sup><br /></sup></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Today’s debate over the role of the federal government in
education stems from the Sputnik moment as well. Sputnik crystalized education policy as a
national issue. States and localities,
the traditional locus of educational policy and operation in America could not
counter the USSR alone. The Federal
Government would have to take on a different and greater role, even as
officials reiterated the primacy of local control. Before Sputnik, the federal government had very
little involvement in education, limiting its role to arms-length support for
agricultural and mechanical schools. Less
than a year after Sputnik, Congress rushed through the National Defense
Education Act to meet “the present emergency,” providing funding to support “education
in science, mathematics, or modern foreign language” for both college-level
students and primary and secondary schools.
The title of the Act both reveals Cold War fears and the
constitutionally safe ground of national defense for what was then an
unprecedented federal role in education.</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Even in
the Sputnik moment however, Secretary Folsom recognized that science and math education was not solely about preserving America's global leadership. Science and math education matters for an informed citizenry as well. “No man
or group of men lives alone on this earth,” said Folsom. “Our society increasingly needs a grasp of
the scientific and technological aspects of the world, but it ever will require
an understanding of the great moral, philosophical, and historical concepts of
mankind.” </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">This anniversary of Sputnik invites us to reexamine the
point of science, math and technology education in America. Is it to win a global competition for
military or economic mastery? Is it about creating an informed citizenry to
ensure the future health of our democracy, perhaps even our world? And if it is
about both, how do we prioritize?</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">---------------------------</span><br />
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<h4>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">You might also enjoy our website <b><i><a href="http://cuny.edu/site/cc/inventing-the-future.html" target="_blank">Inventing the Future</a></i></b>, a look at the history of Science Technology, Engineering
and Math in America.</span></h4>
<h4>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">And you can feel the excitement about the future of rockets and spaceflight sparked by Sputnik as you listen to the first 12 minutes of this <a href="https://www.wnyc.org/radio/#/ondemand/351122" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">1957 WNYC radio show</a>, featuring prominent science writer Willy Ley. </span></h4>
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La Guardia and Wagner Archiveshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05876584136345833841noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-111417651233931757.post-81098534332212196702015-09-22T13:06:00.001-07:002015-09-29T10:08:02.987-07:00Pope Francis' Visit in Historical Context<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</xml><![endif]--><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">I<span style="line-height: 107%;">t is truly remarkable
that Pope Francis will speak before Congress this week. Democrats and Republicans alike may hope that
the pontiff supports their positions on topics ranging from the environment to
Planned Parenthood, but no one fears a papal conspiracy to control America. </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 107%;">As recently
as Pope John Paul II’s visit to the United States in 1979, newscasters focused
their analysis on the separation of church and state, and concerns about papal
influence over the White House. Even as
the newscaster in</span><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YlFlUK6LNIM" rel="nofollow" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 107%;" target="_blank"> this video</a><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 107%;">
suggests that concern over these issues were in the past, the fact that they
are the sole content of his report suggests otherwise. John Paul II himself was sensitive to the
political implications of his visit. We have in our
collection a 1979 confidential</span><a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B4cv5whvZLUhZmVCRlBheWhuYW8/view?usp=sharing" rel="nofollow" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 107%;" target="_blank"> internal State Department memo</a><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 107%;"> stating that “The Pope stressed…that his visit would
be </span><i style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 107%;">pastoral and not political</i><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 107%;">.” “If
the Pope does not come this year, he will not visit until after 1980, since he
wishes to be totally uninvolved in our election process.”</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="YOUTUBE-iframe-video" data-thumbnail-src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/YlFlUK6LNIM/0.jpg" frameborder="0" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/YlFlUK6LNIM?feature=player_embedded" width="320"></iframe></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; line-height: 107%;">For most of
American history, such fears of papal influence were palpable and often at the
center of politics. Samuel F. B. Morse
(the inventor of the telegraph) wrote in 1835, “…emigrant Catholics…confine
themselves simply and wholly to increasing the number of their sect, and the
influence of the Pope in this country. The
American Party (a.k.a. the Know-Nothings) swept to election victories in the 1850s
on the fear of Catholic immigrants and papal control. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; line-height: 107%;">It wasn’t
until 1928 that any major party even considered a Catholic presidential
candidate. Alfred E. Smith, a popular
and progressive governor of New York lost to Herbert Hoover, in large part
because he was a Catholic. Many believed
the rumor that he had wired the pope after losing the election with the message,
“Unpack!” </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; line-height: 107%;">In 1960, John
F. Kennedy’s Catholicism was a big issue in the presidential campaign. Pope John XXIII reportedly joked, “do not
expect me to run a country with a language as difficult as yours,” when he
heard Kennedy might win. Many Americans sincerely
feared that Kennedy would take orders from the pope, undermining American
sovereignty. To establish his
independence from the Vatican, Kennedy made it a point to say, “I did not, would
not, nor have I accepted that kind of dictation.” He went on to establish definitively
that allowing the pope to dictate American policy would be grounds for
impeachment of any president. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; line-height: 107%;">No pope even
visited the United States until 1965. That
year, President Johnson met with Pope Paul VI at a hotel room in New York,
notably avoiding a visit to the White House.
Magazine inserts and commemorative books, like the <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B4cv5whvZLUhRmJFbjZWWlBEMVU/view?usp=sharing" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">selected pages from this one</a>, were titled “Fourteen Hours,”
highlighting the brevity of the pope’s visit.
And Paul VI’s main reason for coming to the United States in 1965 was to
address the United Nations, a clearly international institution. Had the pope gone to Washington at all on
that historic visit, he would have certainly been accused of meddling in
American politics. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; line-height: 107%;">It is truly remarkable
that Pope Francis will speak before Congress this week. It will be interesting to hear this first
papal speech before the American government, ever.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; line-height: 107%;">View some <a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/laguardiaandwagnerarchives/albums/72157658970372901" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">images from our collection</a> of earlier
papal visits to New York.</span></div>
La Guardia and Wagner Archiveshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05876584136345833841noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-111417651233931757.post-34271916748772513092015-08-11T12:29:00.000-07:002015-09-29T08:08:35.113-07:00Big Airport Plans Today and Yesterday: Governor Cuomo, Mayor La Guardia and the Shift from City to Metropolitan Scale<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
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<span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"></span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"></span>Mayor La Guardia Announces the Opening of </div>
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Municipal
Airport (La Guardia), 1939 </div>
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(Source: La
Guardia and Wagner Archives)</div>
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<o:shapedefaults v:ext="edit" spidmax="1036"/>
</xml><![endif]--><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">A
fortnight ago, Governor Cuomo, flanked by Vice President Biden announced a $4
Billion reconstruction of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>La Guardia Airport, a project that will be undertaken
by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. Why the Governor, the Vice
President and the Port Authority? Why
not the Mayor?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The announcement seemed to beg for some historical context
from those of us here at the La Guardia and Wagner Archives.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In the 1940s, Mayor La Guardia too envisioned
big airport plans.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But back then, La
Guardia’s dream was a grand new airport on Jamaica Bay, and it was the city,
not Albany or Washington, who took the lead in planning its own future.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For La Guardia, the new airport at Idlewild (JFK) was an investment to secure New
York City’s future dominance in world trade and travel in the emerging aviation
era.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Today, in contrast, many New
Yorkers think of the airports as a regional enterprise largely divorced from
the city rather than one purposed for the city’s benefit.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Our story of the transition of New York’s airports from
municipal to regional is set in the 1940s and begins with the early inadequacy
of the airport that bears La Guardia’s name.(1) Then
as now, the airports have reflected the tension between New York as a place of aging
infrastructure and jostling crowds, and its demand for grand facilities
befitting a great metropolis.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Vice President Biden’s depiction of La Guardia Airport as overcrowded
and outdated is a recurring complaint, dating back almost to the Airport’s
origins.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<a name='more'></a><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">In 1939, under the leadership of Mayor La Guardia, the small
North Beach airfield reopened as the New York Municipal Airport (soon dubbed La
Guardia Field) -- the finest, most modern airport in the world.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Yet within two years, as it claimed title as
the “World’s Busiest Airport,” the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">New
York Times</i> declared “that great terminal [at La Guardia]…already finds
itself overcrowded.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>During World War
II, as the Army Air Corps forced a curtailing of commercial traffic at La
Guardia to meet its own needs, the pressure for space for commercial flights
reached the boiling point.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>By 1946,
Harry Guggenheim, businessman, aviator and publisher of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Newsday</i> described La Guardia Field as “dangerous and disgraceful.”</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Site Plan for Idlewild (JFK) Airport </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">(Source:
“Municipal Airport at Idlewild” (1945), </span></div>
<div class="MsoCaption" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">NYC Department of Records/Municipal Archives)</span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Although
plans were made to rehabilitate and expand La Guardia Field, Mayor La Guardia
himself backed a much more spectacular solution:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A new International Airport at Idlewild,
better known today simply as JFK.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="color: black;">“We
are building this greatest of airports, not in the hope that some day there
will be need for it,” wrote the Mayor back in 1945, “but because commercial
aviation must have it the moment it is completed.”(<a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B4cv5whvZLUhcDlkU1NrQVZCcTA/view?usp=sharing" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Click here</a> to see the city’s grand plans for the original JFK)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The press heralded “Fabulous Idlewild,” as a transformative
project for the modern metropolis – the unbounded solution to New York’s future
aviation needs.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The cost and
complexity of new infrastructure like Idlewild (JFK) Airport was overwhelming,
however, and precipitated the shift in control from the city to public
authorities and to the state and federal governments.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As he struggled with the city’s debt limit, Mayor
O’Dwyer, La Guardia’s successor, promoted the idea of transferring the airports
(and their debt) from municipal ownership to an independent public
authority.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>La Guardia himself spoke out
against the plan, preferring municipal ownership.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(Read the reactions to La Guardia’s critique
by a leading investment banker and the new Deputy Mayor
<span style="color: black;"><a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B4cv5whvZLUhamFHV1VsdG1wRXM/view?usp=sharing" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">here</a>). <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Arguing the future of New
York was as a region greater than just the city, the Citizens Union <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B4cv5whvZLUhR21ObkJoOWRyc00/view?usp=sharing" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">preferred ownership by the Port Authority</a>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But Mayor O’Dwyer and his powerful Construction
Coordinator Robert Moses initially <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B4cv5whvZLUhdkN6bXgwdTlzdU0/view?usp=sharing" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">preferred a new Airport Authority</a> over which the city would retain some control.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Port Authority, although headquartered in
Manhattan, had been created in Albany and Trenton.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Citizen’s Budget Commission, in contrast,
suggested the city finish building the airport itself and then <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B4cv5whvZLUheGNmU0x6bWl2OUE/view?usp=sharing" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">contract operations out to a private company</a>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It seemed for a short time like O’Dwyer and
Moses would win, but the new Airport Authority proved inadequate to raise the
necessary capital.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In 1947, the Mayor
invited the Port Authority to assume control of the airports.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The move, as Guggenheim put it, was intended
to provide “airports and service removed from politics and without further debt
obligation by the City.”</span></span></div>
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<![endif]--><span style="line-height: 107%;">Plane
Taxiing over Highway at JFK, shortly after airport opening</span> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">(Source:
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of Records/Municipal Archives)</span></div>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">In 1948, the city celebrated the opening of the New York International Airport (the Port Authority's name for Idlewild before it became JFK) with a huge international air exposition. But it was the Chairman of the Port
Authority, not the Mayor who <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B4cv5whvZLUhU2xtMlF5TVVhWkk/view?usp=sharing" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">accepted the Haire Trophy</a> for
“outstanding achievement in the field of airport planning.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As the Port Authority established its dominance over
the airports, it couched its power diplomatically.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“The Port Authority,” they wrote in their <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B4cv5whvZLUhN29TV203c2xvWkk/view?usp=sharing" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">first annual airport report</a>, “wishes to express
its sincere appreciation of the helpful assistance and cooperation received
from the City of New York.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Power had
shifted from city officials to regional and state authority.</span></div>
<div style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 0in 0in 1.0pt 0in;">
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Transferring control of the
airports to the Port Authority was an innovative solution to the tremendous
post-war infrastructure needs of the late 1940s.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But it also helped transform how we
understand and manage our airports, as regional enterprises largely divorced
from the city rather than infrastructure in service to the city itself.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Today we face similar infrastructure needs.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Who is in charge and how we choose to pay for
them will matter.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">(1) Nicholas Bloom’s recent history of JFK Airport,
<i>Metropolitan Airport </i>(University of Pennsylvania Press, 2015),<i> </i>explores the regional context of the airport in depth.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">------------------------ </span></div>
</div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The original documents included here are the property of the
New York City Department of Records/Municipal Archives, 31 Chambers Street, New
York, NY<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="color: black;">10007, <a href="http://www.nyc.gov/records" target="_blank">www.nyc.gov/records</a> and may not be
duplicated or reproduced without their written permission. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The digital editions of original documents
included here are for research purposes only. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We hold microfilm copies of the originals, and
as always, you are welcome to come to our archives and view the documents
yourself.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> U</span>ser friendly finding aids
and computerized indexes on <a href="http://www.laguardiawagnerarchive.lagcc.cuny.edu/LAG_ARC_MAIN.aspx" target="">our webpage</a> facilitate rewarding research. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>You might
also enjoy our wonderful video collection, some of which is available on our <a href="https://www.youtube.com/user/lagarchivist" target="_blank">YouTube site</a>, and
selected images from our collection on our<a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/laguardiaandwagnerarchives"> </a><a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/laguardiaandwagnerarchives" target="_blank">Flikr site</a>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We
welcome you to follow us on <span style="color: black;"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/LaGuardiaWagnerArchives" target="_blank">FaceBook</a>, and if you like, like us there.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>Researchers wishing to visit the archive in
person, please <a href="http://www.laguardiawagnerarchive.lagcc.cuny.edu/Contact.aspx" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">contact Douglas Di Carlo</a>, our Archivist in advance of your visit.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hours for researchers are generally Monday to
Friday, 9:30 am to 4:30 pm. We are closed most major holidays. We look forward
to your use of our materials. </span></span></div>
La Guardia and Wagner Archiveshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05876584136345833841noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-111417651233931757.post-9529917022701606342015-07-30T10:15:00.000-07:002015-07-30T10:29:01.570-07:00State Assemblyman Mark Weprin and the Mets -- A Highlight from the Weprin Collection <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxflwlZbcxlM1FXy5i7F52sWPkso2cK7jQyhNfTqI3gtSRDAL-x36ZPn9puv6ZoYANTGAFQ6s_g9iETJAfpFGLP_B9h9XoFVHjiNzgmJMYLnOk8foetSzReFtkgW4T4rCKCbtpW4Oc9GQ/s1600/weprin+mets+image.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="178" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxflwlZbcxlM1FXy5i7F52sWPkso2cK7jQyhNfTqI3gtSRDAL-x36ZPn9puv6ZoYANTGAFQ6s_g9iETJAfpFGLP_B9h9XoFVHjiNzgmJMYLnOk8foetSzReFtkgW4T4rCKCbtpW4Oc9GQ/s320/weprin+mets+image.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Howard Johnson, Nettie Mayersohn, Saul and Mark Weprin</td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">With the Mets’ season in full swing, the La Guardia and Wagner Archives
released a <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-Z-Yr7TimAE" target="_blank">new video</a> this week</span><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-Z-Yr7TimAE"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"></span></a><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> </span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">which features
former New York Council Member and State Assembly Member Mark Weprin recounting
the championship season of the 1986 New York Mets and his own participation in
the team’s Old-Timers Day on July 12, a celebration of the 25<sup>th</sup>
Anniversary of the Amazin’ Mets. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
video goes up just as our </span><a href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCp0cYCrJT5CCDx6QUe9BAAg"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Archives YouTube channel</span></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> reaches over 300,000 views.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">This latest video oral history is just one treasure among many from the
Weprin family as the Archives has collaborated with the Special Collections and
Archives at Queens College to digitize a selection from the Saul Weprin
Collection, the entire print collection of which is housed in the Queens
College Special Collections and Archives. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">The collection documents Saul Weprin’s tenure as both the 24<sup>th</sup>
District Assembly Member and as Speaker of the Assembly and his actions on
political, social and cultural issues that impacted the Queens neighborhoods
under his jurisdiction. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Two of the many particularly interesting documents include the
Bias-Related Violence Act in 1991—legislation that preceded federal hate crime
laws by three years, as well as his support of the 1993 Stalking Law. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">The addition of this collection, especially in a conveniently accessible
digital form, adds another dimension to the study of New York City history and
politics for researchers and students. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
As always, we invite you to engage with the wonderful wealth
of materials in our collections.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Our <a href="http://www.laguardiawagnerarchive.lagcc.cuny.edu/LAG_ARC_MAIN.aspx">website
</a>offers user friendly finding aids and computerized indexes facilitate
rewarding research.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A number of our
videos and images can be viewed at our <a href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCp0cYCrJT5CCDx6QUe9BAAg">YouTube Channel</a>
and <a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/laguardiaandwagnerarchives">Flikr
page</a>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Follow us on <a href="https://twitter.com/LaGuardiaWagner">Twitter </a>and <a href="https://www.facebook.com/LaGuardiaWagnerArchives">Facebook</a>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Or come and see our materials first hand here
at the Archives itself.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We’re located at
LaGuardia Community College/CUNY, 31-10 Thomson Ave., Room E-238, Long Island
City, NY 11101.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hours for researchers
are generally Monday to Friday, 9:30 am to 4:30 pm. Those interested in using
the collections should call or write the <a href="http://www.laguardiawagnerarchive.lagcc.cuny.edu/ARC_MAIL.aspx?mailTo=ddicarlo">Archivist<span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> </span></a>to
make an appointment. We look forward to your use of our materials.</div>
La Guardia and Wagner Archiveshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05876584136345833841noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-111417651233931757.post-14904048803108009452015-02-11T13:43:00.005-08:002015-09-29T10:19:59.109-07:00Abraham Lincoln's Birthday<div style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">At New York's City Hall, Mayor Robert F. Wagner greets the Little Rock "Nine"</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">students who integrated Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas in September, 1957 </span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><div style="text-align: left;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhU-Nz5dUiJLeZ8Jhwn0DvcGepGjFOwTNEHIMMIh1cphxtDwd_HMM2rnZRqkEdzvwI5WvOpK0OxMFylLFeCZiBzijnnIoEP2MtLNztQVYg0ajeQBDgIWU9zLQugUoCqIMxyvvrWQqwVszU/s1600/3c25125v-1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="161" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhU-Nz5dUiJLeZ8Jhwn0DvcGepGjFOwTNEHIMMIh1cphxtDwd_HMM2rnZRqkEdzvwI5WvOpK0OxMFylLFeCZiBzijnnIoEP2MtLNztQVYg0ajeQBDgIWU9zLQugUoCqIMxyvvrWQqwVszU/s1600/3c25125v-1.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
Tomorrow, February 12th is Abraham Lincoln's birthday, an event that in the past offered leading government figures an opportunity to speak out on the important issues of the day. On February 12, 1957, New York City Mayor Robert F. Wagner delivered a speech before the Norwalk Catholic Club in Connecticut to express his own concerns about race relations in America.</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
"Today, the shrill voice of the demagogue is heard once more in portions of our land, inciting to lawlessness. Mob violence, limited fortunately to a relatively few places, so far, has replaced the democratic processes of law and order. Southern, and some northern, politicians, fearful for their political future and, in some cases, eager for political profit, cater to the violent passions of the white supremacist. More than 90 years ago, Lincoln called for a 'practical system, by which the two races could gradually live themselves out of their old relationship to each other, and both come out better prepared for the new.' Surely 90 years is time enough to hesitate on the doorstep of racial equality. What is needed in this critical hour is a strong voice, an influential and unequivocal voice, a voice undeterred by political opportunism, to espouse, as Lincoln did, the principles of democracy and adherence to the law, in keeping with the particular needs of our time."</div>
</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
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La Guardia and Wagner Archiveshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05876584136345833841noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-111417651233931757.post-74003033449328386622014-10-08T07:57:00.002-07:002014-10-08T07:57:42.206-07:001969: John Lindsay's Re-election and Getting the Jewish Vote<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /><iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.youtube.com/embed/z0E73FmkPGI?feature=player_embedded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
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<span style="color: #222222; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.35pt;"><b><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Steven A. Levine</span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; letter-spacing: -0.466666668653488px;"><span style="color: #222222;">Coordinator</span></span><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.35pt;"> for Educational Programs</span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.35pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.35pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">The
video, <a href="http://youtu.be/z0E73FmkPGI"><span style="color: blue;">John Lindsay's
Re-election and Getting the Jewish Vote</span></a>, documents </span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Mayor
Lindsay’s uphill climb in his 1969 reelection campaign after losing the
Republican primary to State Senator John Marchi, forcing him to run with the
backing of only the Liberal Party. The Democratic Party nominee Comptroller
Mario Procaccino failed to attract broad Democratic support because of his
conservative views and verbal gaffes, but Lindsay desperately needed support
from Jewish voters to win. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Israeli
Prime Minister Golda Meir's trip to the U.S. in September proved the right
opportunity for Lindsay to regain his standing with the Jewish community in
Brooklyn and Queens. In this </span><a href="http://youtu.be/z0E73FmkPGI" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: blue;">video</span></a><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">, Jay Kriegel, Lindsay Chief of Staff, and Sid
Davidoff, Mayoral Assistant, recount how the city came to build a sukkah, a
structure of branches and leaves which Jews traditionally eat in during the
harvest festival Sukkoth, in the Brooklyn Museum parking lot as the site for a
formal dinner in Meir's honor. This event captured the city's attention and
helped Lindsay win reelection.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">The
sukkah and the Meir visit helped Lindsay increase his support among liberal Jews
who could not pull the lever for Procaccino. In the general election, Lindsay
and Procaccino split the Jewish vote with Lindsay getting support from more
liberal, better educated, and affluent Jews and Procaccino doing better among
working and lower middle class Jews in the outer
boroughs.</span></span></div>
La Guardia and Wagner Archiveshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05876584136345833841noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-111417651233931757.post-41256204069781947562014-09-19T09:51:00.000-07:002014-09-19T09:54:08.330-07:00Chicago White Sox Win the 1959 AL Pennant<br />
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #141823; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;">On Sept. 22, 1959, the Chicago White Sox broke a 40-year drought and won the American League pennant by defeating the second-place Cleveland Indians at cavernous Municipal Stadium. Led by the double-play combo of Nellie Fox and Luis Aparicio and strong pitching, the Sox broke the Yankees' stranglehold on first place. This video shows the exciting game action and post-game clubhouse celebration.</span>La Guardia and Wagner Archiveshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05876584136345833841noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-111417651233931757.post-55521817728314008222014-09-16T13:54:00.000-07:002014-09-17T06:03:50.235-07:00The Roosevelts and Fiorello La Guardia<br />
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As La Guardia looks on,
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‘Bill of Rights <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Day’ at the White House, 1941</div>
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For more photos click <a href="http://www.laguardiawagnerarchive.lagcc.cuny.edu/SearchFromUrl.aspx?&ColID=1&Phrasetype=0&SearchType=2&Photos=1&Docs=0&OH=0&Video=0&Art=0&Names=ROOSEVELT%20ELEANOR">here</a> and <a href="http://www.laguardiawagnerarchive.lagcc.cuny.edu/SearchFromUrl.aspx?&ColID=1&Phrasetype=0&SearchType=2&Photos=1&Docs=0&OH=0&Video=0&Art=0&Names=ROOSEVELT%20FRANKLIN%20DELANO">here</a></div>
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<span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 16.8666667938232px;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">At rally to fight for enactment of Fair Employment </span></span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 16.8666667938232px;">Practices Act, La Guardia speaks with FEP </span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">committee co-chairman A. Philip Randolph </span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">and Eleanor Roosevelt, 1946</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">This
past Sunday, PBS began airing <a href="http://www.pbs.org/kenburns/films/the-roosevelts"><span style="color: blue;">“The
Roosevelts: An Intimate History,”</span></a> Ken Burns’s documentary about the
lives of Theodore, Franklin, and Eleanor Roosevelt. In 1934 FDR gained a great ally when Fiorello
La Guardia became mayor of New York City.
La Guardia defeated Tammany Hall and brought clean and efficient
government to NYC, while successfully creating a direct relationship to the
White House to fund New Deal projects.
La Guardia, the son of immigrants, came from a humble background, while
Eleanor and Franklin descended from one of America’s oldest families. They nevertheless developed close political
friendships, based on shared goals. Under La Guardia’s leadership, New York City
used New Deal funds to employ hundreds of thousands to build highways, subways,
schools, hospitals, parks, housing and other infrastructure. <!--?xml:namespace prefix = "o" ns =
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The
importance of the relationship between La Guardia and Franklin and Eleanor can
be found in the La Guardia and Wagner Archives’ collection, containing <a href="http://www.laguardiawagnerarchive.lagcc.cuny.edu/SearchFromUrl.aspx?&ColID=1&Phrasetype=0&SearchType=2&Photos=1&Docs=0&OH=0&Video=0&Art=0&Names=ROOSEVELT%20ELEANOR"><span style="color: blue;">16 photos of Eleanor</span></a> and <a href="http://www.laguardiawagnerarchive.lagcc.cuny.edu/SearchFromUrl.aspx?&ColID=1&Phrasetype=0&SearchType=2&Photos=1&Docs=0&OH=0&Video=0&Art=0&Names=ROOSEVELT%20FRANKLIN%20DELANO"><span style="color: blue;">20 photos of Franklin</span></a>.
If you would like to learn more about La Guardia, the Roosevelts and the
New Deal, please feel free to contact me</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">President
Roosevelt, Governor Lehman, and </span></span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Mayor La Guardia campaign together in the 1</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">940 election campaign.</span></div>
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La Guardia,head of joint
U.S.-Canada Defense Board, meets with President
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">La Guardia, union leader Sidney Hillman,</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">and Eleanor
Roosevelt talking at a dinner honoring Eleanor at the Hotel Commodore, 1941</span></div>
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La Guardia and FDR at the annual Roosevelt Picnic at Hyde Park, NY, 1938 </div>
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La Guardia and Wagner Archiveshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05876584136345833841noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-111417651233931757.post-76011962878514644662014-09-05T11:41:00.000-07:002014-09-05T11:41:18.262-07:00Bill de Blasio Fights to Build Public School Annex in Borough Park<br />
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Council Member Bill de Blasio with students at an<br />
elementary school in
Brooklyn, April 8, 2002.<br />
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Council member Bill de Blasio and P.S. 39 principal </div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: medium;">From
2002 to 2009, Bill de Blasio represented the 39th Council District in the
Council of the City of New York. The LaGuardia and Wagner Archives houses his
Council member papers, which consist of Constituent Correspondence, Departmental
Correspondence, Photographs, Committee Files, and Legislative Files on
education, housing, and land use. Most significantly, we have identified the
papers in his collection that document his dedication to improving the quality
of public education in New York City, epitomized by his role in building the
P.S. 160 Annex in Borough Park, Brooklyn. (Click<a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B4cv5whvZLUhRFdEX21RcExLSk0/edit?usp=sharing"> here</a> to view documents
related to the P.S. 160 Annex.)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: medium;">In
2008, de Blasio, an education activist who earlier had been elected to his local
school board, responded to his constituents’ growing concerns about the
overcrowding of P.S. 160 in Borough Park. He rallied the Department of
Education, fellow politicians, and local residents to build an annex to P.S.
160. The school was originally built in
1904 for only 500 students, but by 2008 housed 821 students, or 137% of its
intended capacity. Built to be handicap accessible, the five story annex houses
labs, classrooms for the upper grades, an auditorium, a library, a gymnasium and
serves as a community center for the neighborhood. </span></div>
La Guardia and Wagner Archiveshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05876584136345833841noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-111417651233931757.post-68744103665991917212014-08-21T12:50:00.000-07:002014-09-05T11:16:59.453-07:00Mayor Lindsay Walks the Streets of Harlem<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<b>Steven A. Levine</b></div>
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<b>Coordinator for Educational Programs</b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">On April 4, 1968, a nation wounded both by the Vietnam
War and the divisions it had created, and by outbreaks of civil unrest in its
cities, faced the assassination of the Reverend Martin Luther King,
Jr.</span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;">Pent-up anger and frustration in the African-American community led to
rioting, looting and arson that destroyed vast swaths of neighborhoods in
Washington, DC, Chicago, Kansas City, Newark and Baltimore.</span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;">In New York
City, it was a different story.</span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;">Because Mayor John Lindsay and his staff had
built relationships with the African-American community, Lindsay was able to
travel to Harlem after the assassination and help calm an angry crowd, greatly
limiting the damage done.</span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span><span style="font-size: small;">To learn more about the night of April 4 in Harlem,
see </span><a href="http://youtu.be/9NyjYc2DA4Q"><span style="color: blue; font-size: small;">the video interview</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">
with Lindsay aide, Sid Davidoff.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;">Unfortunately, little has been learned from 1968 as can be seen from the
horrifying events surrounding the killing of Michael Brown, an unarmed, young
black man in the St. Louis suburb of Ferguson, Missouri. This and the events
that followed have brought systemic American racism to the
forefront.</span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span><span style="font-size: small;">While there are many causes for the racism that led
up to Michael Brown’s death, one of them was a lack of communication between the
predominantly white local government police force and the African-American
community.</span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span><span style="font-size: small;">Lindsay intuitively understood the importance of
building these relationships, something that has been forgotten as American
police departments have become increasingly militarized.</span></span></div>
La Guardia and Wagner Archiveshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05876584136345833841noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-111417651233931757.post-36016876089778768182014-08-07T07:59:00.000-07:002014-09-05T11:17:26.518-07:00Mayor Robert Wagner, President Johnson and the Mississippi Freedom Democrats at the 1964 Democratic Convention<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnxg3pUGTXo2OrozL5eA0JfN8s47vXZ_S7f7JQ5eIjDyiCCeTRk6znhFgWGbOfdN39b0uPqSGt7lox3SpIa994wrAZahN1MqfsY1XGqSU0-hssHtWuiD_SH99RiOD4j_foxTr8JQ3Rzfs/s1600/Hamer+LBJ+RFW.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnxg3pUGTXo2OrozL5eA0JfN8s47vXZ_S7f7JQ5eIjDyiCCeTRk6znhFgWGbOfdN39b0uPqSGt7lox3SpIa994wrAZahN1MqfsY1XGqSU0-hssHtWuiD_SH99RiOD4j_foxTr8JQ3Rzfs/s1600/Hamer+LBJ+RFW.jpg" height="218" width="320" /></a></div>
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Mayor Wagner & President Johnson Fannie Lou Hamer</div>
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 19px;"><br /></span>
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 19px;">Steven A. Levine, Ph.D.</span><br style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 19px;" /><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 19px;">Coordinator for Educational Programs</span></b><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt;">Fifty
years ago the Democratic Party Convention met in Atlantic City, NJ to nominate
Lyndon Baines Johnson for a full term.
</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt;">Johnson’s nomination was not in doubt, but who would represent
Mississippi was up in the air: the all white segregationist regular Democrats
or the integrated Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP).</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt;">The MFDP were activists from Mississippi
Freedom Summer (To learn more about Freedom Summer see the </span><a href="http://www1.cuny.edu/portal_ur/content/freedom_curriculum/PDFs/09-1697_Let_Freedom_Ring_Less6_HM3.pdf" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: blue;">Archives’ Curriculum</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt;">.) who came to Atlantic City
determined to oust the regular Democrats.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt;">Sharecropper and civil rights activist Fannie Lou Hamer gave a </span><a href="http://www.hulu.com/watch/60261" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: blue;">powerful speech</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt;">to the Credentials Committee about the
terrorist tactics used to prevent Hamer and other African-Americans from
registering to vote.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt;">After her speech it
appeared that the MFDP had a chance to be seated by the Credentials Committee.</span><br />
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<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">President
Johnson used his political skills and power to seat the Mississippi regular
Democrats. He did this not out of support
for them, but out of fear that other southern delegations would walk out of the
convention if they were not seated and many southern states would then support
his opponent Senator Barry Goldwater.
New York State had two seats, John English and Joyce Austin, on the
Credentials Committee. <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V2IZfre3oRo&list=UUp0cYCrJT5CCDx6QUe9BAAg" target="_blank">Johnson called his ally NYC Mayor Robert Wagner on the telephone</a> to find out how they would
vote and if he could sway them. (Johnson
recorded this and other telephone conversations in the Oval Office.)
Wagner thought that English could be swayed, but Joyce Austin, an
African-American woman who worked for him, would support the MFDP. The MFDP
lost their bid to be seated as Mississippi delegates and rejected a proposed compromise
where they would have been given two at-large delegates to the convention. The Regular Mississippi delegation walked out
of the Convention and the MFDP would unofficially take their seats. Goldwater would win Mississippi, but Johnson
carried most of the southern states in a landslide victory.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">If
you want to learn more about the 1964 Democratic Convention and the Mississippi
Freedom Democrats, please feel free to contact me at the Archives at slevine@lagcc.cuny.edu <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div style="text-align: center;">
Mayor Robert F. Wagner and President Lyndon Baines Johnson</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Discuss the </div>
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La Guardia and Wagner Archiveshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05876584136345833841noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-111417651233931757.post-1125303179352960292014-06-11T08:57:00.001-07:002014-06-11T11:58:01.302-07:00Increasing the Minimum Wage: Past and Present<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4PHhTS4f3bwyhki4lwNuLoYlGboLEGv5QRuQ7X-wpRy5ueq5gLAFNPYD5hPMsAWWzx-3BATd1JUXWl9mPRK4ExpOH0QlNsOlM5QchtsLAjEEWXNyASF6vRC7asSXkJgqkE_u5RkKKT6Ha/s1600/06.012.1810.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4PHhTS4f3bwyhki4lwNuLoYlGboLEGv5QRuQ7X-wpRy5ueq5gLAFNPYD5hPMsAWWzx-3BATd1JUXWl9mPRK4ExpOH0QlNsOlM5QchtsLAjEEWXNyASF6vRC7asSXkJgqkE_u5RkKKT6Ha/s1600/06.012.1810.jpg" height="214" width="320" /></a></div>
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Senator Robert F. Kennedy, NY City Central Labor Council President </span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Harry Van Ardsdale, Jr.,</span> and Mayor Robert F.
Wagner</div>
</div>
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</div>
<div align="center">
<span style="font-size: small;">at a Breakfast Meeting of Labor Leaders, January
14, 1965</span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<b>Steven A. Levine</b><br />
<b>Coordinator for Educational Programs</b><br />
<br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Demands to raise state and local minimum wages above the federal
level are not new. In the 1960s, Mayor
Robert F. Wagner prioritized increasing the minimum wage from $1.25 to
$1.50. Stymied at the state level by
Governor Nelson Rockefeller and the Republican dominated Legislature, Wagner
signed a law to increase the City’s minimum wage He declared in a 1964 signing
speech that </span><a href="http://www.laguardiawagnerarchive.lagcc.cuny.edu/FileBrowser.aspx?LinkToFile=FILES_DOC/WAGNER_FILES/06.016.0000.060018W.13.PDF#undefined" target="_blank">“[T]his nation as well as this city is presently engaged in a war to eradicate poverty. I am of the firm conviction that this law will in a large measure contribute to the diminution of poverty in this city . . . I feel it to be my duty as mayor of all of the people of the City of New York to sign this local law, and I do so willingly.” </a><span style="text-indent: 0.5in;"> Unfortunately, the NY Court of
Appeals found that New York City did not have the power to set its own minimum
wage, granting that power only to New York State.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"> Mayor Bill de Blasio,
like Wagner 50 years earlier, cannot raise the city’s minimum wage without the
approval of the Legislature and Governor Cuomo.
This is now a possibility since Governor Cuomo agreed to increase the
minimum wage in return for the endorsement of the Working Families Party. If Cuomo follows through on this agreement,
New York State will increase its minimum wage from $8 an hour (75 cents over the
federal minimum) to $10.10 an hour indexed to inflation, and New York City and
other localities will be able to raise their minimum wages 30% over the state
minimum. The issue of leadership has also not changed in the 50 years since
Wagner chastised leaders in Albany.<a href="http://www.laguardiawagnerarchive.lagcc.cuny.edu/FileBrowser.aspx?LinkToFile=FILES_DOC/WAGNER_FILES/06.020.0053.060236.5.PDF#undefined" target="_blank"> </a><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.laguardiawagnerarchive.lagcc.cuny.edu/FileBrowser.aspx?LinkToFile=FILES_DOC/WAGNER_FILES/06.020.0053.060236.5.PDF#undefined" target="_blank">“New York used to set the pace for
the rest of the nation and the federal government as well. </a><a href="http://www.laguardiawagnerarchive.lagcc.cuny.edu/FileBrowser.aspx?LinkToFile=FILES_DOC/WAGNER_FILES/06.020.0053.060236.5.PDF#undefined" target="_blank">Today our state, at best, is a reluctant follower.”</a>
</span> Let us hope in 2014 that New York will stop
following and take the lead on increasing the minimum wage.</span></div>
Steven ALhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14502807050953950227noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-111417651233931757.post-16958473828202894342014-05-16T12:38:00.000-07:002014-05-16T12:38:24.427-07:00BROWN V. BOARD OF EDUCATION: May 17, 1954<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-V6GkV0GZ_9CpfyonMnhpNvBmAithh3J_gBnqefUdf78FgW5gXEqrLnxJRWNaeMxC9vq2-LUL_1wTuYddBN1CERCGF1PFxHxvxkq7pqXGTC4MjiHmHiDDwhNIjVjXblCClEXQd8zq7CvI/s1600/brown.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-V6GkV0GZ_9CpfyonMnhpNvBmAithh3J_gBnqefUdf78FgW5gXEqrLnxJRWNaeMxC9vq2-LUL_1wTuYddBN1CERCGF1PFxHxvxkq7pqXGTC4MjiHmHiDDwhNIjVjXblCClEXQd8zq7CvI/s320/brown.jpg" height="241" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<div style="font-family: 'Segoe UI';">
<b>Steven A. Levine</b></div>
<div style="font-family: 'Segoe UI';">
<b>Coordinator for Educational Programs</b></div>
<div style="font-family: 'Segoe UI';">
</div>
<div style="font-family: 'Segoe UI';">
Sixty years ago today in Brown v. Board of Education, the Supreme Court overturned the "separate but equal" doctrine of Plessy v. Ferguson (1896), declaring in a 9-0 decision that segregation in public schools was unconstitutional. After the decision, Mayor Robert F. Wagner saw the need to act in New York City stating in a <a href="http://www.laguardiawagnerarchive.lagcc.cuny.edu/FileBrowser.aspx?LinkToFile=FILES_DOC/WAGNER_FILES/06.016.0000.060001W.8.PDF#undefined" target="_blank">1955 speech to the United Parents Association </a>that</div>
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</div>
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"We cannot oppose only segregation in the South . . . The studies and analyses of schools in the areas where our Negro and Puerto Rican children live reveal the inequality of physical properties and teaching personnel. That is not true democracy in education and it is not the American way. It is certainly not the New York City way."<br />
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<div style="font-family: 'Segoe UI';">
Wagner spoke these words in earnest and in great contrast to the racist venom of leaders in the South, but segregation was real and difficult to confront in New York City. Racism had deep roots in New York and Mississippi and desegregation faced resistance in both places.</div>
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<span style="font-family: Segoe UI;">Sadly, progress that occurred in past decades is being reversed. A recent </span><a href="http://civilrightsproject.ucla.edu/research/k-12-education/integration-and-diversity/ny-norflet-report-placeholder/ES_NY_CRP_031014.pdf" style="font-family: 'Segoe UI';" target="_blank">report by the UCLA Civil Rights Project </a><span style="font-family: Segoe UI;">found that "New York has the most segregated schools in the country: in 2009, black and </span><span style="font-family: 'Segoe UI';">Latino students in the state had the highest concentration in intensely-segregated public </span><span style="font-family: 'Segoe UI';">schools (less than 10% white enrollment), the lowest exposure to white students, and the </span><span style="font-family: 'Segoe UI';">most uneven distribution with white students across schools.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Segoe UI;"> Heavily impacting these </span><span style="font-family: 'Segoe UI';">state rankings is New York City, home to the largest and one of the most segregated </span><span style="font-family: 'Segoe UI';">public school systems in the nation."</span><br />
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History books describe Brown v. Board of Education as a turning point in history. Joel Motley, the son of NAACP Legal Defense Fund attorney Judge Constance Baker Motley also stressed this in an <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XfTXeyBFIYM&feature=share&list=PLCE1CA0B564C0CB6F&index=1" target="_blank">Archives video</a>. They are correct, but the battles for school desegregation have not only been lost, but forgotten. Moreover, recent Supreme Court decisions have weakened municipalities' abilities to even address the issue. And when was the last time any of our political leaders mentioned the issue of school segregation? In Washington and Albany, policies have favored charter schools, despite the UCLA study showing that charter schools are among the most segregated schools in New York City and in the nation.</div>
</div>
Steven ALhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14502807050953950227noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-111417651233931757.post-61557672739124624422014-05-12T07:48:00.001-07:002014-05-12T08:13:06.104-07:00NYC Transit Strike, 1966<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.youtube.com/embed/WJxuzH4OTy0?feature=player_embedded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div>
<br />
On January 1, 1966, New York City, dependent upon mass transit as no other city in America, awoke to a daunting problem -- a complete subway and bus shutdown. For Michael Quill, 60-year-old president of the 32,600 members of the Transport Workers Union and native of County Kerry, Ireland, it was contempt at first sight when he set eyes upon newly-sworn Mayor John V. Lindsay, 44-years-old and Yale educated. The strike had heavy consequences, costing Quill his life and halting the city's transit lifeline for 12 days. This video, from a Universal newsreel, shows the city as never before.La Guardia and Wagner Archiveshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05876584136345833841noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-111417651233931757.post-79299029394635641002014-04-14T06:26:00.001-07:002014-05-12T08:14:44.557-07:00A Tribute to Lou Gehrig<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="270" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/wBlpknPQzec" width="480"></iframe><br />
<br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px;">On July 4, 1939, Lou Gehrig, the New York Yankees captain, retired from baseball, due to the effects of Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ALS, that came to be known as "Lou Gehrig's disease." The Yankees honored Gehrig at Yankee Stadium that day, and in front of a packed stadium, Gehrig referred to himself as the "luckiest man on the face of the Earth." He told the crowd that "I might have been given a bad break, but I have an awful lot to live for." As a player, he played through many injuries, but he could not defeat ALS, a degenerative neurological disorder, that would take his life two years later.</span><br />
<br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px;" />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px;">The Yankees loss of their captain was especially striking given his endurance as a player. Gehrig had played 13 consecutive seasons without missing a game and his nickname was the Iron Horse. After his career ended, x--rays on his hands show 17 fractures during this streak. Gehrig could not overcome the neurological effects of ALS that forced him into retirement, but he was a man who showed great courage and dignity when given a "bad break."</span>La Guardia and Wagner Archiveshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05876584136345833841noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-111417651233931757.post-52930155969239681662014-04-09T20:45:00.001-07:002014-04-09T20:45:12.927-07:00First 100 Days of Mayor Ed Koch : Labor Negotiations<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<object width="320" height="266" class="BLOGGER-youtube-video" classid="clsid:D27CDB6E-AE6D-11cf-96B8-444553540000" codebase="http://download.macromedia.com/pub/shockwave/cabs/flash/swflash.cab#version=6,0,40,0" data-thumbnail-src="https://i1.ytimg.com/vi/p-0PFrY_3E4/0.jpg"><param name="movie" value="https://www.youtube.com/v/p-0PFrY_3E4?version=3&f=user_uploads&c=google-webdrive-0&app=youtube_gdata" /><param name="bgcolor" value="#FFFFFF" /><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true" /><embed width="320" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/v/p-0PFrY_3E4?version=3&f=user_uploads&c=google-webdrive-0&app=youtube_gdata" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowfullscreen="true"></embed></object></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b style="background-color: #fff9ee; color: #222222; font-family: Georgia, Utopia, 'Palatino Linotype', Palatino, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 21.559999465942383px;">Steven A. Levine</b><br style="background-color: #fff9ee; color: #222222; font-family: Georgia, Utopia, 'Palatino Linotype', Palatino, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 21.559999465942383px;" /><b style="background-color: #fff9ee; color: #222222; font-family: Georgia, Utopia, 'Palatino Linotype', Palatino, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 21.559999465942383px;">Coordinator for Educational Programs</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b style="background-color: #fff9ee; color: #222222; font-family: Georgia, Utopia, 'Palatino Linotype', Palatino, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 21.559999465942383px;"><br /></b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #141823; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14.44444465637207px; line-height: 21.46666717529297px;">Mayor Bill de Blasio inherited an unprecedented number of expired labor contracts upon taking office in January. In this video, Mayor Koch discusses the balancing act he faced after 100 days in office in negotiating labor contract with NYC's unions in the context of the fiscal crisis he inherited from his predecessor in 1978.</span></div>
La Guardia and Wagner Archiveshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05876584136345833841noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-111417651233931757.post-37318541453393745712014-04-09T20:36:00.000-07:002014-04-09T20:36:17.422-07:00First 100 Days of Mayor Ed Koch : Was I naive?<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.youtube.com/embed/7t7qY3ML3G8?feature=player_embedded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div>
<br />
<b>Steven A. Levine</b><br />
<b>Coordinator for Educational Programs</b><br />
<br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333969116211px; line-height: 18px;">The first 100 days of an NYC mayor can be very difficult. Mayor de Blasio reached his first 100 days this week. In 1978, Mayor Ed Koch did an interview in which he admitted to being naive when he took office and he confronted NYC's fiscal crisis after his first 100 days.</span>La Guardia and Wagner Archiveshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05876584136345833841noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-111417651233931757.post-44548220290187898662014-03-24T11:54:00.003-07:002014-03-24T11:58:00.724-07:00Ant-Nazi Rally<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.youtube.com/embed/myh-dqvUgYA?feature=player_embedded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div>
On January 30th, 1933 Nazi Party leader Adolph Hitler became chancellor of Germany and the Nazis immediately acted against Germany's Jewish population. In the United States, the American Jewish Congress called for protests and boycotts against Germany and placed a spotlight on the Nazis' human rights violations. One of its earliest actions was a mass rally at Madison Square Garden against the Nazis on March 27, 1933, featuring former Congressman and future mayor of New York Fiorello H. La Guardia, former New York Governor Alfred E. Smith and American Jewish Congress leader Rabbi Stephen Wise.La Guardia and Wagner Archiveshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05876584136345833841noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-111417651233931757.post-32462724324576499792014-01-02T13:46:00.001-08:002014-01-02T13:47:26.137-08:00VIDEO: Fiorello La Guardia Delivers Food Relief as UNRRA Director-General in 1946<br />
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Steven A. Levine</div>
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Coordinator for Educational Programs</div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Check out <a href="http://youtu.be/sIiy9TB0xVo" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">this video of 1946 newsreel footage</span></a> of Fiorello LaGuardia visiting Italy as director-general of the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA), along with beautiful cards drawn by Italian children thanking LaGuardia for the aid they received. Sixty eight years ago this month, Fiorello La Guardia left Gracie Mansion and become a private citizen. After twelve years as mayor, he would, in the words of his biographer CUNY Distinguished Professor Thomas Kessner, be able to have “some comfortable earnings and the easy life of a pundit and commentator.” Three months later he rejected this option, returning to public service as director-general of UNRRA to feed and rebuild the world’s war torn nations. Sadly, as La Guardia fought for aid to be distributed without political consideration, UNRRA‘s mission became mired in Soviet-U.S. Cold War divisions. La Guardia, who opposed the politicization of relief, resigned his position before UNRRA’s mandate expired in December 1946. During its existence UNRRA distributed $3.7 billion in aid, funded mostly by the United States.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The Archives has an extensive <a href="http://www.laguardiawagnerarchive.lagcc.cuny.edu/SearchFromUrl.aspx?&ColID=1&Phrasetype=0&SearchType=2&Photos=1&Docs=0&OH=0&Video=0&Art=0&Subject=UNITED%20NATIONS&YearFrom=1944&YearTo=1947" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">UNRRA photo collection</span></a> and the <a href="http://www.laguardiawagnerarchive.lagcc.cuny.edu/SearchFromUrl.aspx?&ColID=1&Phrasetype=1&SearchType=2&KeyWord=italian+and+children&Photos=0&Docs=1&OH=0&Video=0&Art=0&YearFrom=1946&YearTo=1947&SeriesID=30&SeriesDesc=United%20Nations%20Relief%20and%20Rehabi" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">Italian children’s artwork</span></a>available on our website. If you would like to learn more about La Guardia or UNRRA or use these or other Archives’ materials in your class, please feel free to contact me. </span></div>
La Guardia and Wagner Archiveshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05876584136345833841noreply@blogger.com0