Constance Baker Motley, James Meredith and Jack Greenberg
Steven A. Levine
Coordinator for Educational Programs
The Archives 
recently conducted an oral history with Joel Motley about his mother Constance 
Baker Motley, the great NAACP Legal Defense Fund (LDF) lawyer and federal 
judge.  We asked him specifically whether 
Thurgood Marshall had passed her over to be director of the LDF when he left in 
1961 to a federal judgeship on the U.S. Court of Appeals.  He said that Marshall probably thought that 
it would have been “an extra burden” for an African-American woman to take on 
that role at that time.  (Click here to watch the 
video.)
I was reading Judge 
Motley’s autobiography today, Equal 
Justice Under the Law,  and found 
that she largely agreed with her son, but that there was another layer to the 
decision related to the competition between Marshall and Robert Carter, 
the general counsel of the NAACP which was separate from the LDF.  Marshall mistakenly thought Motley was 
aligned with Carter and instead turned to their LDF colleague Jack Greenberg to 
be his successor at the LDF.  
Interestingly, Bella Abzug supported Motley, as did Mississippi NAACP 
leader Medgar Evers. (To read the excerpt from Motley’s autobiography, click 
here.)
As we in the 
Northeast wait out the blizzard, it’s a good moment to think about how we can 
learn from different sources and how we can teach ourselves and our students 
about the nature of sources and how to interpret them.  If you would like to learn more about the 
civil rights movement, check out our primary source lesson on Mississippi Freedom Summer.  As always, please feel free to contact me if 
you want to learn more about this or any other Archives related 
topics.
 
 

 
 
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